求一篇2000字左右的与有关经济学的英文论文最好是与企业核心竞

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求一篇2000字左右的与有关经济学的英文论文最好是与企业核心竞

企业核心竞争力，本来就是体现在特定的能力上。而这种能力本身又可以视为多种能力的聚合，因而是完全可以分解的。企业核心竞争力，从其具体体现形式分析，可大体分解为十个内容。我们姑且称之为十大竞争力。

（1）决策竞争力。这种竞争力，是企业辨别发展陷阱和市场机会，对环境变化作出及时有效反应的能力。不具有这一竞争力，核心竞争力也就成了一具腐尸。决策竞争力与企业决策力是一种同一关系。决策频频失误的企业，肯定没有决策竞争力。没有决策竞争力的企业，也就是企业决策力薄弱。

（2）组织竞争力。企业市场竞争，最终得通过企业组织来实施。也只有当保证企业组织目标的实现必须完成的事务工作，事事有人做，并且知道做好的标准时，才能保证由决策竞争力所形成的优势不落空。并且，企业决策力和执行力也必须以它为基础的。没有强有力的组织明确而恰当地界定企业组织成员相互之间的关系，保障决策力和执行力的活动，没有恰当的人承担并完成，企业的决策力和执行力从何而来？

（3）员工竞争力。企业组织的大小事务，必须有人来承担。也只有当员工的能力充分强，做好工作的意愿充分高，并且具有耐心和牺牲精神时，才能保证事事都做到位。否则，企业的决策力和执行力也就成了无源之水的空话。保障企业决策力和执行力的活动要有效率和效益，也就是保证活动的主体——员工具备与之相适应的能力、意愿、耐心和牺牲精神。

（4）流程竞争力。流程就是企业组织各个机构和岗位角色个人做事方式的总和。它直接制约着企业组织运行的效率和效益。企业组织各个机构和岗位角色个人做事方式，没有效率和效益，企业组织的运行，也就不会有效率和效益。如果一个企业组织的做事方式没有效率，也就企业组织运行没有效率和效益，这直接是企业没有执行力。

（5）文化竞争力。文化竞争力就是由共同的价值观念、共同的思维方式和共同的行事方式构成的一种整合力，它直接起着协调企业组织的运行，整合其内、外部资源的作用。蒙牛的二十五个法则，之所以能够成为蒙牛的核心竞争力，其原因就在于这二十五个法则都变成了蒙牛人的共同的价值观念、共同的思维方式和共同的行为准则。因而企业的决策力和执行力也都必然直接受制于它。共同的价值观念、共同的思维方式和共同的行事方式，不统一，并且腐朽落后，决策就不免频频不失误，工作就不免效率低下。

（6）品牌竞争力。品牌需要以质量为基础，但仅有质量却不能构成品牌。它是强势企业文化在社会公众心目中的折射体现。因而它也直接构成企业整合内、外部资源的一种能力。没有品牌竞争力，企业组织内部和外部都不认同企业的做事方式和行事结果，企业也就谈不上有什么竞争力，更谈不上有核心竞争力。品牌一旦形成，又直接是一种资源。因而它是构成企业支持力的一个重要内容。

（7）渠道竞争力。企业要赚钱、赢利、发展，就必须有充分多的客户接受他的产品和服务。如果没有宽阔有效的渠道，沟通企业与客户之间的关系，企业与客户隔离，也就必然会惨败无疑。因而，渠道直接是一种资源，渠道竞争力也就直接构成企业支持力的一个内容。

（8）价格竞争力。便宜是客户寻求的八大价值之一，没有不关注价格的客户。在质量和品牌影响力同等的情况下，价格优势就是竞争力。没有价格优势，最终都会被消费者淘汰。因而这一竞争力也就直接构成企业支持力的一个内容。

（9）伙伴竞争力。人类社会发展到今天，万事不求人地包打天下的日子，已成为过去，要为客户提供全面超值的服务和价值满足，也就必须建立广泛的战略联盟。如果一个企业失去了合作伙伴的支持，也就无法适应客户价值满足集中化的要求，也就必然在残酷的市场竞争中处于不利地位。因而，它的增强，也就直接是企业支持力和和执行力的提升。

（10）创新竞争力。一招先，吃遍天，这是市场竞争中的不二法门。要一招先就必须有不断的创新。谁能不断地创造出这一招先来，谁就能在这市场竞争中立于不败之地。所以，它既是企业支持力的一个重要内容，又是企业执行力的一个重要内容。这十大竞争力，作为一个整体，就体现为企业核心竞争力。从整合企业资源的能力的角度进行分析，这十个方面的竞争力，任何一个方面的缺乏或者降低，又都会直接导致这种能力的下降，即企业核心竞争力的降低。但这十种竞争力又各自相对独立。任何一个企业，拥有了这其中任何一种竞争力，也都是市场竞争一个制高点的占领。

给一篇2000以上商务英语毕业论文

The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems on Management Accounting: An Australian Study Abstract Information technology is significantly changing the operating practices of an increasing number of companies globally. These developments have important implications for the accounting profession and in particular accounting practices in the twenty-first century. This study examines the development of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems as a means of illustrating how changes in information technology allows all systems in a company to be linked to manage operations holistically. The study investigates the change in accounting systems using a sample of Australian companies with emphasis on the adoption of ERP systems including the potential impact of ERP on capital budgeting processes. The results show that ERP systems are changing management accounting practices, although at this stage, the impact on capital budgeting techniques appears to be limited. The findings contribute to the emerging body of literature on the development of ERP systems and its impact on management accounting teaching and research. Key words: Management accounting, capital budgeting, enterprise resource planning systems, information technology. 1. Introduction During the past decade an increasing number of companies have been impacted by information technology in terms of computerized transaction processing and electronic telecommunications such as that done with the Internet, intranet, and extranet. For competitive reasons, companies have had to change from manual and then mainframe systems to what has been called enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. An ERP system has a common database or data warehouse that links together all systems in all parts of a company including, for example, capital budgeting with financial, control, manufacturing, sales, fixed assets, inventory, human resources modules, etc. An ERP system, by linking all systems through a data warehouse, allows a company to manage its operations holistically. A second impact of ERP systems has been a general shift to manage at the activity level rather than at the more abstract level of financial transactions. This means that management accounting, with its focus on activities, can be most effective when it is used with ERP systems to incorporate the activity level for costing and performance measurement. To be effective an ERP system will contain an extensive chart of accounts or codes for activities such as accurate recording and tracking of activities, revenues and costs. The coding incorporates stable entities of a business, such as divisions, plants, stores, and warehouses. At a detailed level there are codes for functions such as finance, production, sales, marketing, and materials management. There are also the traditional financial account codes such as assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and the central ERP feature of coding processes, activities, and sub-activities. There must be consistent coding among all parts of a company in order for them to relate to one another. As the ERP system incorporates activities in terms of quantities of resources, including labour, a record of resource use is maintained. Therefore, performance can be measured in physical terms and compared to standards, which allows for the calculation of variances. This performance measurement at the activity level serves as a feedback system on efficiency and effectiveness. The confusion from abstract monetary measures is erased, and what is actually happening with the conversion of resources into goods and services can be seen. ERP systems have the potential to change management ccounting systems with more detailed, more integrated, and faster produced information. To date the research on the impact of ERP systems on management accounting can best be described as preliminary. It has involved case studies of one or two companies at a time and some field studies. The findings from these studies have been largely anecdotal. Also, some have been deductive in that arguments based on ERP attributes have been made on how management accounting should be affected. For instance, in a field study, Cook et al. (2000) described activity-based capital budgeting at a division of a US telecommunications company. The findings from Cook et al.'s field work suggests that ERP systems can increase the effectiveness of capital budgeting by anchoring financial numbers to activities rather than stopping at monetary measures with pre-ERP practices. The ...

求一篇有关数控加工的英文论文一起中文翻译2000字左右急！

数控加工的特点数控加工，也称之为NC(N帅ericalConb01)加工，是以数值与符号构成的信息，控制机床实现自动运转。数控加工经历了半个世纪的发展已成为应用于当代各个制造领域的先进制造技术。数控加工的最大特征有二点：一是可以极大地提高精度，包括加工质量精度及加工时间误差精度；二是加工质量的重复性，可以稳定加工质量，保持加工零件质量的一致。也就是说加工零件的质量及加工时间是由数控程序决定而不是由机床操作人员决定的。数控加工具有如下优点： 1）提高生产效率；（2）不需要熟练的机床操作人员；（3）提高加工精度并且保持加工质量（4）可以减少工装卡具：（5）容易进行加工过程管理；（6）可以减少检查工作量；（7）可以降低废、次品率；（8）便于设计加工变更，加工设定柔性强（9）容易实现操作过程的自动化，一人可以操作多台机床；（10）操作容易，极大减轻体力劳动强度。

随着制造设备的数控化率不断提高，数控加工技术在我国得到日益广泛的使用，在模具行业，掌握数控技术与否及加工过程中数控化率的高低已成为企业是否具有竞争力的象征。数控加工技术应用的关键在于计算机辅助设计和制造（CAD/CAM）系统的质量。 CAD/CAM已成为促进国民经济发展的关键技术，是实现制造技术现代化的必由之路。如何进行数控加工程序的编制是影响数控加工效率及质量的关键，传统的手工编程方法复杂、烦琐，易于出错，难于检查，难以充分发挥数控机床的功能。在模具加工中，经常遇到形状复杂的零件，其形状用自由曲面来描述，采用手工编程方法基本上无法编制数控加工程序。近年来，由于计算机技术的迅速发展，计算机的图形处理功能有了很大增强，基于 CAD/CAM技术进行图形交互的自动编程方法日趋成熟，