中专商务英语毕业论文怎么写

[中专毕业自我鉴定怎么写]三年的中专生活似弹指一挥间，从刚跨入中专时的失落和迷茫，到现在即将走上工作岗位的从容、坦然。我知道，这又是我们人生中的一大挑战，角色的转换。这除了有较强的适应力和乐观的...+阅读

中专商务英语毕业论文怎么写

Recent Developments in Translation Studies as Seen from Three Representative Books Published in the 1990's Dan SHEN Abstract: In the field of translation studies, despite the existence of multiple approaches, two trends of development seem to have been dominating in recent years: one based on linguistics in the wide sense; the other marked by a historical-descriptive orientation. While the two trends of development are contrastive with each other, they share one thing in common, namely, both being essentially empirical, forming a contrast to translation studies with a somewhat 'purely' theoretical orientation. The present paper offers a discussion of some recent developments in the field by way of reviewing three representative books published in the 1990's. Through the present review, we may get a glimpse not only of the characteristics of the two major trends of development, but also of certain features of the theoretical versus the empirical orientation. Key words: translation studies, developments, representative books 20世纪80年代初以来，西方翻译研究进展迅速。

如果说西方译学研究在60和70年代的突飞猛进主要得益于语言学的快速发展的话，在近二十年里，文化研究、文学研究、人类学、信息科学、认知科学、心理学和广义上的语言学等均对翻译学科的发展起了较大的推进作用（参见Gentzler 1993, Neubert & Shreve 1992）。尽管翻译研究的方法纷呈不一，但近年来可以说有两大派别占据了主导地位：一派以广义上的语言学（尤其是语篇语言学和话语分析）为基础，致力于建构和发展经验性质的翻译科学；另一派则从历史的角度通过描写的方式来研究翻译问题，意在揭示翻译实践与研究中蕴含的文化与政治因素（参见Venuti, 1997）。

给一篇2000以上商务英语毕业论文

The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems on Management Accounting: An Australian Study Abstract Information technology is significantly changing the operating practices of an increasing number of companies globally. These developments have important implications for the accounting profession and in particular accounting practices in the twenty-first century. This study examines the development of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems as a means of illustrating how changes in information technology allows all systems in a company to be linked to manage operations holistically. The study investigates the change in accounting systems using a sample of Australian companies with emphasis on the adoption of ERP systems including the potential impact of ERP on capital budgeting processes. The results show that ERP systems are changing management accounting practices, although at this stage, the impact on capital budgeting techniques appears to be limited. The findings contribute to the emerging body of literature on the development of ERP systems and its impact on management accounting teaching and research. Key words: Management accounting, capital budgeting, enterprise resource planning systems, information technology. 1. Introduction During the past decade an increasing number of companies have been impacted by information technology in terms of computerized transaction processing and electronic telecommunications such as that done with the Internet, intranet, and extranet. For competitive reasons, companies have had to change from manual and then mainframe systems to what has been called enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. An ERP system has a common database or data warehouse that links together all systems in all parts of a company including, for example, capital budgeting with financial, control, manufacturing, sales, fixed assets, inventory, human resources modules, etc. An ERP system, by linking all systems through a data warehouse, allows a company to manage its operations holistically. A second impact of ERP systems has been a general shift to manage at the activity level rather than at the more abstract level of financial transactions. This means that management accounting, with its focus on activities, can be most effective when it is used with ERP systems to incorporate the activity level for costing and performance measurement. To be effective an ERP system will contain an extensive chart of accounts or codes for activities such as accurate recording and tracking of activities, revenues and costs. The coding incorporates stable entities of a business, such as divisions, plants, stores, and warehouses. At a detailed level there are codes for functions such as finance, production, sales, marketing, and materials management. There are also the traditional financial account codes such as assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and the central ERP feature of coding processes, activities, and sub-activities. There must be consistent coding among all parts of a company in order for them to relate to one another. As the ERP system incorporates activities in terms of quantities of resources, including labour, a record of resource use is maintained. Therefore, performance can be measured in physical terms and compared to standards, which allows for the calculation of variances. This performance measurement at the activity level serves as a feedback system on efficiency and effectiveness. The confusion from abstract monetary measures is erased, and what is actually happening with the conversion of resources into goods and services can be seen. ERP systems have the potential to change management ccounting systems with more detailed, more integrated, and faster produced information. To date the research on the impact of ERP systems on management accounting can best be described as preliminary. It has involved case studies of one or two companies at a time and some field studies. The findings from these studies have been largely anecdotal. Also, some have been deductive in that arguments based on ERP attributes have been made on how management accounting should be affected. For instance, in a field study, Cook et al. (2000) described activity-based capital budgeting at a division of a US telecommunications company. The findings from Cook et al.'s field work suggests that ERP systems can increase the effectiveness of capital budgeting by anchoring financial numbers to activities rather than stopping at monetary measures with pre-ERP practices. The ...

商务英语专业的毕业论文应该写哪些方面的？

展开全部商务英语语用失误及其文化解读摘要：商务英语写作是一种跨文化交际技能。一些作者写作时往往参照汉语商务文化及语用规则进行思维表达，造成不同程度的语用失误，影响国际商务活动的正常开展。本文从中英文化视角对部分商务英语语用失误作对比分析，认为商务英语信函写作教学不能与商务文化脱节，既要教会学生掌握英语表达技能，还要教会他们掌握商务英语的文化内涵及其语用规则，才能使学生胜任跨文化商务英语沟通工作。关键词：商务写作；语用失误；跨文化交际一般人认为，只要掌握好商务英语专业知识和基本写作技巧，就能够完全胜任涉外商务工作。其实事情并非如此简单。如果作者不了解英汉商务文化的语境差异及其语用规则，信函写作有可能出现各种意想不到的语用失误，影响商务活动的正常开展。但是，由于商务英语语用失误十分微妙，不像语法或语义失误那样容易识别，所以一般很难引起人们的注意和重视。因此，英语函电写作教学重语言能力训练（可能是无意识地），轻商务英语文化意识和语用能力培养的现象还比较普遍。以往人们对商务英语写作失误的研究一般停留在语言形式和写作方法的层面上，到目前为止还很少见到从文化层面探讨商务英语写作语用失误现象的文章。笔者认为，只有从文化层面而不是单纯从语言形式平面对这些语用失误现象进行剖析，才能透过表层的语言现象了解作者语用失误的心理文化取向及其思维轨迹。这对提高商务英语写作教学质量，增强学生的商务英语文化意识和语用能力将有一定的帮助。

一、商务语用失误与文化心理差异谈到英语语用失误，有必要涉及语用学（Prag m atics）这一重要的语言学分支。它是20世纪 70至80年代由西方学者们建立和发展起来的一门独立的新学科，是研究在不同的交际环境下如何正确地理解和运用语言的一门学问。以往人们只是关注语言的形式或功能，即重视语言的语法和语义功能的研究。[1]但是使用语言不只是讲究遣词造句的正误问题，更重要的是语言使用是否合适、得体。本文中的语用失误是指交际者使用的语言不合适、不得体，带有明显的汉语言文化思维特征和语用特征。语言与文化密不可分，而文化与哲学更是紧密相连。两者都给民族的思维模式、语言行为以及其深刻的影响。探讨商务英语语用失误现象，不可不涉及与民族文化有着千丝万缕联系的传统语言哲学观和英汉两种语言的文化属性。从语言哲学视角看，中国语言哲学观是治世的，旨在通过治世达到“天人合

一、言行合一”。[2]道家和儒家思想主张人应“……不言而善应”、“慎言、戒言”等。西方哲学和语言观是创世的，其文化偏爱语言行为，相信其创造力。以个体本位为取向的西方文化认为语言是延伸自我、改造他人的工具，所以西方人惯于表现自己，说话直截了当，愿意表达内心世界，反映了西方人以自我为本位的行为价值观。而以群体价值观为取向的中国人往往性格内敛，说话委婉含蓄，不轻易表露内心世界，很少与人对立，反映了中国人的中庸处世之道。显然，人的语言行为特征除了有先天秉赋因素外，传统文化对人的处世态度和语言行为有着十分重要的影响。从语言文化属性看，中国文化属于人文文化，西方文化属于科学文化。中国文化重综合、轻分析，重意会、轻言传。科学文化重物质、轻人伦、重分析、轻综合，重概念、忌笼统，价值取向以功利为本位。[3]人文文化和科学文化在思维方式上的主要差别表现在以下几方面：首先，中国人重直觉与具象，西方人重理性与逻辑，在语言上表现为汉语词汇的形象性和英语词汇的功能性。第二，中国人重整体，西方人重个体，这表现在汉语词汇意义一般比较笼统，英语词义一般比较具体。汉语表意比较模糊，英语表意比较准确。第三，汉语重意念，英语重形式，这主要表现在汉语句子衔接靠语义逻辑，而英语则重视句子形式上的衔接。英汉心理文化的差异对语言的影响无所不在，给跨文化交际造成了不少障碍。

二、商务英语语用失误的心理文化剖析商务英语属于专门用途英语（English for Special Purposes），其语言有着鲜明的行业性特点和独特的语体风格。英汉两种语言根植于不同的文化土壤。其差异不仅表现在思维表达方式上，而且表现在受隐性文化制约的语用交际规则上。学习者在尚未意识到这种文化差异的存在或没有掌握其特定文化语境下的语用规则的情况下，很可能不自觉地参照汉语文化语境和语用规则进行写作思维和表达，结果会犯各种难以察觉的语用失误。文化因素造成的英语表达汉化现象是多层次性的。它们可以出现在商务英语表达的各个层面，包括词汇层、句子层、段落乃至篇章层。笔者择其一二，略加分析。 1.人称使用不当文化对语言的影响无所不在。在英汉语中，即使是很普通的人称指示代词，使用规则也不尽相同。[4]统计资料表明，汉语使用第一人称和第二人称代词比英语多，而英语第三人称的使用频率比汉语要高。这反映出英汉民族微妙的心理文化差异。中国人的交际和关注对象更多集中在“我”和“你”之间，谈论第三者则相对少一些。这...